Fishermen from Fujian and
farmers from Guangdong were the first known settlers in Macau, when it was
known as Ou Mun, or "trading gate", because of its location at the mouth of the
Pearl River downstream from Guangzhou (Canton). During ancient times port city
was part of the Silk Road with ships loading here with silk for Rome. Even
after China ceased to be a world trade centre, Guangzhou prospered from
seaborne business with the countries of Southeast Asia, so the local
entrepreneurs welcomed the arrival of Portuguese merchant-explorers. They
followed in the wake of Jorge Alvares, who landed in southern China in 1513,
and set about finding suitable trading posts.
In the early 1550s the
Portuguese reached Ou Mun, which the locals also called A Ma Gao, "place of A
Ma", in honour of the Goddess of Seafarers, whose temple stood at the entrance
to the sheltered Inner Harbour. The Portuguese adopted the name, which
gradually changes into the name Macau, and with the permission of Guangdong's
mandarins, established a city that within a short time had become a major
entrepot for trade between China, Japan, India and Europe.
It also became the perfect crossroad for the meeting of East and West cultures.
The Roman Catholic church sent some of its greatest missionaries to continue
the work of St Francis Xavier, (who died nearby after making many converts in
Japan). A Christian college was built, beside what is now today's Ruins of St
Paul's, where students such as Matteo Ricci prepared for their work as
Christian scholars at the Imperial Court in Beijing. Other churches were built,
as well as fortresses, which gave the city an historical European appearance
that distinguishes it to this day.
Portugal's golden age in Asia faded as rivals like the Dutch and British took
over their trade. However the Chinese chose to continue to do business through
the Portuguese in Macau, so for over a century the British East India Company
and others set up shop here in rented houses like the elegant Casa Garden. As
Europe's trade with China grew, the European merchants spent part of the year
in Guangzhou, buying tea and Chinese luxuries at the bi-annual fairs, using
Macau as a recreational retreat.
Following the Opium War in 1841,
Hong Kong was established by Britain and most of the foreign merchants left
Macau, which became a quaint, quiet backwater. Nevertheless it has continued to
enjoy a leisurely multicultural existence and make daily, practical use of its
historical buildings, in the process becoming a favourite stopover for
international travellers, writers and artists.
In modern times Macau has developed industries such as textiles, electronics
and toys, as well as building up an a world class tourist industry with a wide
choice of hotels, resorts, sports facilities, restaurants and casinos. As in
the past, Macau's economy is closely linked to that of Hong Kong and Guangdong
Province, in particular the Pearl River Delta region, which qualifies as one of
Asia's "little tigers". Macau provides financial and banking services, staff
training, transport and communications support.
Macau is a Special
Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China since 20 December 1999,
and, like Hong Kong, benefits from the principle of "one country, two systems".
The tiny SAR is growing in size - with more buildings on reclaimed land - and
in the number and diversity of its attractions. The greatest of these continues
to be Macau's unique society, with communities from the East and West
complementing each other, and the many people who come to visit.
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